Step-by-Step Guide: How to build a custom keyboard

Building a custom keyboard has become a popular hobby, especially among tech enthusiasts who value both functionality and aesthetics. A custom keyboard can be tailored to your specific needs, from key switches to keycaps, and even the layout itself. Here’s a comprehensive guide on how to build your own custom keyboard from scratch.

1. Plan Your Keyboard Design

Layout: Decide on the keyboard layout (e.g., 60%, 65%, TKL, or full-sized). Smaller layouts are more compact and portable, but may lack function keys and numpads.
Switch Type: Choose the type of switches based on your typing preference. Options include:
- Mechanical switches (e.g., Cherry MX, Gateron, or Kailh).
- Optical switches, which are faster but might have limited compatibility.
Backlighting: Decide if you want RGB or single-color LED lighting, or none at all.
Connectivity: Decide between a wired or wireless keyboard.

2. Gather Your Materials

To build a custom keyboard, you’ll need the following parts:

Keyboard Case: The housing for your keyboard. Materials range from plastic and aluminum to acrylic and wood.
PCB (Printed Circuit Board): The electronic board that determines the keyboard’s functionality and layout.
Switches: The mechanical switches that register key presses. Choose the type (linear, tactile, or clicky) based on your typing style.
Keycaps: The caps that go on top of your switches. These come in various materials (ABS, PBT) and profiles.
Stabilizers: Installed on larger keys (e.g., spacebar, enter) to prevent wobbling.
Mounting Plate: Holds the switches in place and contributes to the keyboard’s overall feel.
Tools: Soldering iron, solder, switch puller, keycap puller, screwdriver, tweezers, and lube.

3. Assemble the PCB, Switches, and Stabilizers

Stabilizers: Begin by attaching the stabilizers to the PCB, particularly for larger keys. If desired, lube the stabilizers to reduce rattle.
Soldering the Switches: Place each switch into the plate and PCB. Once placed, solder each switch pin to the PCB, ensuring a solid connection.
Testing: Test your PCB using a software program like QMK Toolbox to ensure all switches register correctly. This can help catch any connection issues before full assembly.

4. Install Keycaps and Test the Keyboard

Keycaps: Place the keycaps on the switches according to your chosen layout.
Firmware: Use QMK or VIA to install custom firmware, program macros, or customize your key mapping.
Testing: Once fully assembled, test each key to ensure everything is working as expected.

5. Final Assembly and Finishing Touches

Assemble the Case: Secure the PCB, switches, and plate inside the case. Tighten any screws and make sure all parts are secure.
Customization: Adjust RGB settings, add a wrist rest, or any finishing touches to enhance the aesthetic.

Tips and Final Thoughts

Building a custom keyboard allows for endless customization and a tailored typing experience. Whether you’re looking for a specific typing feel or aesthetic appeal, a custom keyboard can be as unique as you want it to be. Be patient with the process, and enjoy creating a keyboard that’s truly one of a kind.